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Baby Doll That We're Going to Pull You Off

Written By jueves, 10 de marzo de 2022 Add Comment Edit

Model, typocally of a humanoid graphic symbol for utilise as a toy or an artistic hobby

Doll
Poupée c 1870.jpg

European bisque doll from the 1870s
Type model figure
State various
Availability Aboriginal times–
Materials various

A doll is a model typically of a human or humanoid grapheme, often used as a toy for children, especially piffling girls. Dolls accept also been used in traditional religious rituals throughout the earth. Traditional dolls made of materials such as clay and forest are establish in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Europe. The earliest documented dolls go back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. They have been made equally crude, rudimentary playthings as well equally elaborate fine art. Modern doll manufacturing has its roots in Germany, from the 15th century. With industrialization and new materials such as porcelain and plastic, dolls were increasingly mass-produced. During the 20th century, dolls became increasingly popular equally collectibles.

History, types and materials [edit]

Early history and traditional dolls [edit]

The earliest dolls were made from available materials such equally clay, rock, wood, os, ivory, leather, or wax. Archaeological evidence places dolls every bit the foremost candidate for the oldest known toy. Wooden paddle dolls have been found in Egyptian tombs dating to every bit early equally the 21st century BC.[i] Dolls with movable limbs and removable clothing date back to at least 200 BC. Archaeologists have discovered Greek dolls made of clay and articulated at the hips and shoulders.[1] [2] Rag dolls and stuffed animals were probably also popular, merely no known examples of these have survived to the nowadays mean solar day.[3] Stories from aboriginal Greece around 100 AD testify that dolls were used by little girls every bit playthings.[1] In ancient Rome, dolls were fabricated of clay, wood or ivory. Dolls have been found in the graves of Roman children. Similar children today, the younger members of Roman civilization would take dressed their dolls co-ordinate to the latest fashions. In Hellenic republic and Rome, it was customary for boys to dedicate their toys to the gods when they reached puberty and for girls to dedicate their toys to the goddesses when they married.[ane] [2] Rag dolls are traditionally home-made from spare scraps of cloth fabric. Roman rag dolls have been found dating back to 300 BC.[4]

Traditional dolls are sometimes used as children'southward playthings, but they may likewise have spiritual, magical and ritual value. There is no defined line between spiritual dolls and toys. In some cultures dolls that had been used in rituals were given to children. They were likewise used in children's instruction and as carriers of cultural heritage. In other cultures dolls were considered too laden with magical powers to allow children to play with them.[5]

African dolls are used to teach and entertain; they are supernatural intermediaries, and they are manipulated for ritual purposes. Their shape and costume vary according to region and custom. Dolls are frequently handed downwardly from female parent to daughter. Akuaba are wooden ritual fertility dolls from Ghana and nearby areas. The best known akuaba are those of the Ashanti people, whose akuaba have big, disc-like heads. Other tribes in the region have their own distinctive style of akuaba.

There is a rich history of Japanese dolls dating back to the Dogū figures (8000–200 BCE). and Haniwa funerary figures (300–600 Advertizement). By the eleventh century, dolls were used every bit playthings as well as for protection and in religious ceremonies. During Hinamatsuri, the doll festival, hina dolls ( 雛人形 , hina-ningyō ) are displayed. These are fabricated of straw and woods, painted, and dressed in elaborate, many-layered textiles. Daruma dolls are spherical dolls with red bodies and white faces without pupils. They represent Bodhidharma, the East Indian who founded Zen, and are used as good luck charms. Wooden Kokeshi dolls have no arms or legs, but a large head and cylindrical torso, representing little girls.

The use of an figure to perform a spell on someone is documented in African, Native American, and European cultures. Examples of such magical devices include the European poppet and the nkisi or bocio of Due west and Central Africa. In European folk magic and witchcraft, poppet dolls are used to represent a person for casting spells on that person. The intention is that whatever actions are performed upon the figure will be transferred to the subject through sympathetic magic. The practice of sticking pins in voodoo dolls have been associated with African-American Hoodoo folk magic. Voodoo dolls are not a feature of Haitian Vodou faith, but have been portrayed as such in popular culture, and stereotypical voodoo dolls are sold to tourists in Republic of haiti. Likely the voodoo doll concept in popular civilization is influenced by the European poppet.[vi] A kitchen witch is a poppet originating in Northern Europe. It resembles a stereotypical witch or crone and is displayed in residential kitchens every bit a means to provide adept luck[7] and ward off bad spirits.[8]

Hopi Kachina dolls are effigies made of cottonwood that embody the characteristics of the formalism Kachina, the masked spirits of the Hopi Native American tribe. Kachina dolls are objects meant to be treasured and studied in order to learn the characteristics of each Kachina. Inuit dolls are made out of soapstone and bone, materials common to the Inuit people. Many are clothed with fauna fur or skin. Their clothing articulates the traditional mode of clothes necessary to survive cold winters, wind, and snow. The tea dolls of the Innu people were filled with tea for young girls to carry on long journeys. Apple tree dolls are traditional North American dolls with a head made from dried apples. In Inca mythology, Sara Mama was the goddess of grain. She was associated with maize that grew in multiples or was similarly strange. These strange plants were sometimes dressed as dolls of Sara Mama. Corn husk dolls are traditional Native American dolls made out of the dried leaves or husk of a corncob.[9] Traditionally, they do not have a confront. The making of corn husk dolls was adopted by early European settlers in the U.s..[10] Early settlers likewise made rag dolls and carved wooden dolls, called Pennywoods.[eleven] La última muñeca, or "the final doll", is a tradition of the Quinceañera, the celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of Latin America. During this ritual the quinceañera relinquishes a doll from her childhood to signify that she is no longer in need of such a toy.[12] In the United States, dollmaking became an manufacture in the 1860s, after the Ceremonious State of war.[13]

Matryoshka dolls are traditional Russian dolls, consisting of a set of hollow wooden figures that open up up and nest inside each other. They typically portray traditional peasants and the first set up was carved and painted in 1890.[xiv] In Germany, dirt dolls have been documented every bit far dorsum as the 13th century, and wooden doll making from the 15th century.[xv] Outset nearly the 15th century, increasingly elaborate dolls were made for Nascency scene displays, importantly in Italia.[xvi] Dolls with detailed, fashionable clothes were sold in France in the 16th century, though their bodies were often crudely constructed.[17] The German language and Dutch peg wooden dolls were cheap and merely made and were popular toys for poorer children in Europe from the 16th century.[18] Woods connected to be the dominant textile for dolls in Europe until the 19th century.[nineteen] Through the 18th and 19th centuries, woods was increasingly combined with other materials, such as leather, wax and porcelain and the bodies made more clear.[19] It is unknown when dolls' glass eyes beginning appeared, merely dark-brown was the dominant eye color for dolls up until the Victorian era when blue optics became more popular, inspired past Queen Victoria.[20]

Dolls, puppets and masks allow ordinary people to state what is impossible in the real situation;[21] In Iran for instance during Qajar era, people criticised the politics and social weather of Ahmad-Shah'due south reign via puppetry without any fear of penalization.[22] According to the Islamic rules, the human activity of dancing in public specially for women, is a taboo. But dolls or puppets have free and independent identities and are able to practice what is not viable for the real person. Layli is a hinged dancing doll, which is popular amid the Lur people of Iran.[23] [24] The name Layli is originated from the Centre Due east folklore and honey story, Layla and Majnun. Layli is the symbol of the beloved who is spiritually beautiful.[25] Layli also represents and maintains a cultural tradition, which is gradually vanishing in urban life.

Industrial era [edit]

During the 19th century, dolls' heads were often made of porcelain and combined with a body of leather, cloth, forest, or composite materials, such as papier-mâché or composition, a mix of pulp, sawdust, glue and similar materials.[26] [27] With the advent of polymer and plastic materials in the 20th century, doll making largely shifted to these materials. The low cost, ease of manufacture, and durability of plastic materials meant new types of dolls could be mass-produced at a lower cost. The earliest materials were prophylactic and celluloid. From the mid-20th century, soft vinyl became the dominant material, in item for children'southward dolls.[28] [29] Beginning in the 20th century, both porcelain and plastic dolls are made directly for the adult collectors market. Synthetic resins such as polyurethane resemble porcelain in texture and are used for collectible dolls.

Colloquially the terms porcelain doll, bisque doll and china doll are sometimes used interchangeably. Simply collectors brand a stardom between china dolls, fabricated of glazed porcelain, and bisque dolls, fabricated of unglazed bisque or biscuit porcelain. A typical antique china doll has a white glazed porcelain head with painted molded hair and a torso made of cloth or leather. The proper noun comes from red china being used to refer to the material porcelain. They were mass-produced in Germany, peaking in popularity betwixt 1840 and 1890 and selling in the millions.[30] [31] [32] Parian dolls were also made in Germany, from effectually 1860 to 1880. They are made of white porcelain like to china dolls simply the head is non dipped in glaze and has a matte finish.[33] Bisque dolls are characterized by their realistic, skin-similar matte end. They had their acme of popularity between 1860 and 1900 with French and German dolls. Antiquarian German and French bisque dolls from the 19th century were often made equally children's playthings, but contemporary bisque dolls are predominantly fabricated direct for the collectors market.[26] [32] [34]

Upwardly through the centre of the 19th century, European dolls were predominantly made to represent grown-ups. Childlike dolls and the later ubiquitous infant doll did non appear until around 1850.[32] [35] But, past the tardily 19th century, baby and childlike dolls had overtaken the market.[32] Realistic, lifelike wax dolls were popular in Victorian England.[36]

Paper dolls are cut out of paper, with carve up clothes that are unremarkably held onto the dolls past folding tabs. They oftentimes reflect contemporary styles, and 19th century ballerina newspaper dolls were among the primeval celebrity dolls. The 1930s Shirley Temple doll sold millions and was 1 of the most successful celebrity dolls. Small celluloid Kewpie dolls, based on illustrations by Rose O'Neill, were pop in the early 20th century. Madame Alexander created the get-go collectible doll based on a licensed character – Scarlett O'Hara from Gone with the Wind.[37]

Contemporary dollhouses accept their roots in European baby house display cases from the 17th century. Early dollhouses were all handmade, only, following the Industrial Revolution and World State of war II, they were increasingly mass-produced and became more affordable. Children'due south dollhouses during the 20th century accept been fabricated of tin litho, plastic, and wood. Gimmicky houses for adult collectors are typically made of wood.

The earliest modern stuffed toys were made in 1880. They differ from earlier rag dolls in that they are made of plush furlike fabric and ordinarily portray animals rather than humans.[38] Teddy bears first appeared in 1902–1903.[38] [39]

Black dolls have been designed to resemble night-skinned persons varying from stereotypical to more than authentic portrayals. Rag dolls made by American slaves served every bit playthings for slave children. Golliwogg was a children's volume rag doll character in the late 19th century that was widely reproduced as a toy. The doll has very blackness skin, eyes rimmed in white, clown lips, and frizzy pilus, and has been described every bit an anti-black caricature.[40] Early mass-produced black dolls were typically dark versions of their white counterparts. The earliest American black dolls with realistic African facial features were made in the 1960s.

Fashion dolls are primarily designed to exist dressed to reverberate way trends and are ordinarily modeled afterwards teen girls or developed women. The earliest fashion dolls were French bisque dolls from the mid-19th century. Gimmicky way dolls are typically made of vinyl. Barbie, from the American toy company Mattel, dominated the market from her inception in 1959.[41] Bratz was the first doll to claiming Barbie'due south authorization, reaching xl percent of the market in 2006.[42]

Plastic action figures, often representing superheroes, are primarily marketed to boys.[43] Fashion dolls and activity figures are ofttimes part of a media franchise that may include films, TV, video games and other related merchandise. Bobblehead dolls are collectible plastic dolls with heads connected to the body by a spring or hook[44] in such a way that the head bobbles. They ofttimes portray baseball players or other athletes.

A reborn doll, customized to realistically portray a human being babe

With the introduction of computers and the Internet, virtual and online dolls appeared. These are ofttimes similar to traditional newspaper dolls and enable users to pattern virtual dolls and drag and drib clothes onto dolls or images of bodily people to play dress up. These include Kiss, Stardoll and Dollz.

Also with the advent of the Internet, collectible dolls are customized and sold or displayed online. Reborn dolls are vinyl dolls that accept been customized to resemble a homo baby with equally much realism as possible. They are frequently sold online through sites such as eBay.[45] [46] Asian brawl-jointed dolls (BJDs) are cast in synthetic resin in a way that has been described equally both realistic and influenced by anime.[47] [48] [49] Asian BJDs and Asian fashion dolls such as Pullip and Blythe are often customized and photographed. The photos are shared in online communities.[50] [51] Custom dolls can at present be designed on computers and tablets and then manufactured individually using 3D printing.[52]

Stargazer Lottie Doll was the first doll to enter space, voyaging alongside British ESA Astronaut Tim Peake. Lottie spent 264 days aboard the International Space Station during the Principa Mission. She was designed by 6-year-old Abigail from Canada, when she decided she wanted to aid kids go more interested in infinite and astronomy.

Uses, appearances and issues [edit]

Since ancient times, dolls have played a fundamental office in magic and religious rituals and accept been used every bit representations of deities. Dolls have too traditionally been toys for children. Dolls are also collected by adults, for their nostalgic value, beauty, historical importance or financial value.[53] Antique dolls originally made equally children'southward playthings accept become collector's items. Nineteenth-century bisque dolls made by French manufacturers such every bit Bru and Jumeau may be worth about $22,000 today.[54]

Dolls have traditionally been fabricated as crude, rudimentary playthings equally well as with elaborate, artful design.[55] They take been created as folk art in cultures effectually the earth, and, in the 20th century, fine art dolls began to be seen as high art. Creative person Hans Bellmer made surrealistic dolls that had interchangeable limbs in 1930s and 1940s Germany as opposition to the Nazi party'due south idolization of a perfect Aryan body.[53] Eastward Village artist Greer Lankton became famous in the 1980s for her theatrical window displays of drug addicted, anorexic and mutant dolls.[56]

Lifelike or anatomically correct dolls are used by wellness professionals, medical schools and social workers to train doctors and nurses in various health procedures or investigate cases of all sexual abuse of children. Artists sometimes apply jointed wooden mannequins in cartoon the man effigy. Many ordinary doll brands are also anatomically correct, although virtually types of dolls are degenitalized.[57]

Egli-Figuren are a type of doll that originated in Switzerland in 1964 for telling Bible stories.[58]

In Western society, a gender difference in the option of toys has been observed and studied. Action figures that represent traditional masculine traits are popular with boys, who are more likely to choose toys that accept some link to tools, transportation, garages, machines and military equipment. Dolls for girls tend to correspond feminine traits and come up with such accessories as clothing, kitchen appliances, utensils, furniture and jewelry.[59] [60] [61]

Pediophobia is a fear of dolls or similar objects.[62] [63] Psychologist Ernst Jentsch theorized that uncanny feelings arise when there is an intellectual uncertainty virtually whether an object is alive or not. Sigmund Freud further developed on these theories.[64] Japanese roboticist Masahiro Mori expanded on these theories to develop the uncanny valley hypothesis: if an object is obviously enough non-homo, its man characteristics will stand out and exist endearing; however, if that object reaches a certain threshold of human-similar appearance, its non-human characteristics volition stand out, and be agonizing.[65]

Doll hospitals [edit]

A doll hospital is a workshop that specializes in the restoration or repair of dolls.[66] Doll hospitals can be found in countries around the globe.[67] One of the oldest doll hospitals was established in Lisbon, Portugal in 1830,[67] and some other in Melbourne, reputedly the commencement such establishment in Commonwealth of australia, was founded in 1888.[66] In that location is a Doll Doctors Association in the United States.[68] Henri Launay, who has been repairing dolls at his shop in northeast Paris for 43 years, says he has restored over 30,000 dolls in the course of his career. Most of the clients are not children, but adults in their 50s and 60s.[54] Some doll brands, such as American Daughter and Madame Alexander, as well offer doll hospital services for their own dolls.

Dolls and children's tales [edit]

Many books deal with dolls tales, including Wilhelmina. The Adventures of a Dutch Doll, by Nora Pitt-Taylor, pictured by Gladys Hall.[69] Rag dolls accept featured in a number of children's stories, such as the 19th century character Golliwogg in The Adventures of Two Dutch Dolls and a Golliwogg by Bertha Upton and Florence K. Upton[70] and Raggedy Ann in the books by Johnny Gruelle, outset published in 1918. The Lonely Doll is a 1957 children's book by Canadian writer Dare Wright. The story, told through text and photographs, is most a doll named Edith and two teddy bears.

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Fraser 1973, p. seven
  2. ^ a b Garland, Robert (2008). Ancient Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Culture. New York City, New York: Sterling. p. 96. ISBN978-1-4549-0908-viii.
  3. ^ Garland, Robert (2008). Aboriginal Greece: Everyday Life in the Birthplace of Western Civilization. New York Urban center, New York: Sterling. p. 96. ISBN978-one-4549-0908-8.
  4. ^ he 20-first century BCE. British museum exhibit [ permanent dead link ]
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  17. ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 18–19
  18. ^ Fraser 1973, pp. nineteen–22
  19. ^ a b Fraser 1973, p. 26
  20. ^ Fraser 1973, pp. 26–27
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  50. ^ Galbraith, Patrick West (17 May 2008). "Plastic fantastic: Japan's doll manufacture booming". City magazine . Retrieved 22 February 2009. ...the inclusion of ball joints, which make information technology possible to pose the dolls for pictures, a favorite pastime amongst users.
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  62. ^ Mufson, Michael (2006). Coping with Feet and Phobias. Harvard Special Health Reports. Harvard Health Publications.
  63. ^ Schulman, Michael (thirty October 2006). "Worst nightmares: In all five boroughs, haunted houses contain local fears". The New Yorker. Vol. 82, no. 35. p. 38.
  64. ^ Freud, Sigmund (1919). "Das Unheimliche" (in German). Archived from the original on 14 July 2011.
  65. ^ Pujals, Elena V. and Buffington, Nancy (12 March 2007) Secrets of The Cabbage Patch: Pediophobia and The Fear of The Inanimate. stanford.edu
  66. ^ a b Dolling out handling. Theage.com.au (10 June 2005). Retrieved on 2019-01-28.
  67. ^ a b Khalip, Andrei and Pereira, Miguel (23 December 2009) Lisbon doll hospital treats owners' blues too. Reuters
  68. ^ Doll Doctor'southward Association. Dolldoctorsassociation.com. Retrieved on 28 January 2019.
  69. ^ "Wilhelmina. The adventures of a dutch doll". lusenberg.com.
  70. ^ "The adventures of the two dutch dolls and the Golliwogg". lusenberg.com.

Works cited [edit]

  • Fraser, Antonia (1973). Dolls . Octopus books. ISBN978-0-7064-0056-iv.

External links [edit]

  • The dictionary definition of doll at Wiktionary
  • Dolls at the V&A Museum of Childhood
  • The Canadian Museum of Civilisation – The Story of Dolls in Canada

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doll

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